What is cancer?
Cancer refers to a disease in which a certain number of cells in the body undergo uncontrolled division and then grow, and even affect different parts of the body through spreading.
How do cancer form and spread?
Cancer can occur in any part and is a disease related to the cells of the body. Under normal circumstances, cell division in the human body is controlled; however, when several cells undergo genetic mutations and then continue to divide out of control, tumors will form. After the tumor is formed, cancer cells can be shed from the tumor. After these cancer cells enter the blood circulation and lymphatic system, they spread from the original place to other organs or tissues of the body.
Tumors are classified as benign or malignant: benign tumors grow slowly at local locations and will not invade other normal organs and tissues; malignant tumors grow faster and can invade
What is the cause of cancer?
Human beings have not yet fully grasped all the causes and risk factors. In addition to genetic factors, some physical, chemical, and biological substances have been proven to increase the chance of cell gene mutation, which in turn increases the risk of cancer. These vectors are called carcinogens. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) under the World Health Organization, the classification of human carcinogens is as follows: Classification of human carcinogens
Category definition
1 Proven substance that causes cancer in humans
2 Substances that are likely to cause cancer in humans
3 Substances that may cause cancer in humans
4 Failed to be classified as a human carcinogen
Category 1 carcinogen
1. Tobacco includes second-hand smoke
2. Alcohol
3. Aflatoxin
4. Helicobacter pylori
5. Hepatitis B virus
6. Hepatitis C virus
7. Human immunodeficiency virus
8. Human papillomavirus 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, and other types
9. Human herpesvirus type IV
10. Ultraviolet rays
11. Benzene
12. Salted fish
13. Radon
14. Certain metals such as cadmium, radium, and beryllium
15. Coal ash or coal char (soot) 16. Unrefined or low-refined mineral oil
17. Estrogenic contraceptives or combined contraceptives
18. Certain drugs such as tamoxifen
19. Betel nut
20. Sawdust
21. Asbestos
22. Rubber manufacturing
23. Consumption of processed meat
24. Diesel Waste gas
25. Polychlorinated biphenyls
26. Fume from welding
27. Manufacturing of aluminum and iron
28. Coke production
29. All ionizing radiation
Category 2A and 2B carcinogens
1. Eating red meat (2A)
2. Malaria (2A)
3. Nightwork (2A)
4. Drinking hot beverages over 65oC (2A)
5. High-temperature fried releases (2A)
6. DDT pesticides (2A)
7 Human Papillomavirus 68 (2A)
8. Hairdressing (2A)
9. Petroleum Refining (2A)
10. Gasoline Exhaust (2B)
11. Gasoline (2B)
12. Various Surgical Implants (2B)
13. Pickles (2B) 14. Concentrated coconut oil diethanolamine (2B)
15. Talc-based talcum powder (for perineum) (2B)
16. Lead (2B)
17. Caffeic acid (2B)
18. Textile manufacturing (2B)
19. Printing (2B)
The above information only shows part of the IARC research results. For more information,
please visit http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/
How much impact does cancer have?
According to the Cancer Information and Statistics Center of the Hospital Authority, in 2019 alone, the number of new cancer cases in Hong Kong reached approximately 35,082, with approximately 14,871 deaths. The median age of onset in men was 68 years; the median age of onset in women was 62 years. According to government data, it is estimated that the number of new cancer cases will exceed 42,000 each year before 2030.
Which cancers are most common?
According to the incidence number, the overall ranking of the top ten cancers is as follows:
1. Lung cancer
2. Colorectal cancer
3. Breast cancer
4. Prostate cancer
5. Liver cancer
6. Stomach cancer
7. Uterine body tumor
8. Non-melanoma skin cancer
9. Thyroid tumor
10 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
based on incidence figures, the top five most common cancer in men are:
1. lung
2. colorectal
3. prostate cancer
4. liver
5. gastric cancer
based on the incidence figures, the top five most common cancer in women:
1 breast cancer
2. colorectal cancer
3. lung cancer
4. endometrial cancer
5. thyroid cancer,
which is the most deadly cancer?
In addition to being the most common cancer in Hong Kong, lung cancer is also the number one killer of cancer. However, liver cancer ranks fifth among common cancers and ranks third in overall and male mortality. It can be seen that the degree of a common type of cancer has nothing to do with its mortality.
According to gender, gender mortality in the top three rankings are as follows:
Men:
1. Lung
2. colorectal
3. liver
Women:
1. Lung
2. colorectal
3. Breast
Revision Date: October 5, 2021
source:
Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–127 ... (2020, June 26). Retrieved September 30, 2020, from https://monographs.iarc.fr/agents-classified-by-the-iarc/
CP, W., E, W., & BW, S. (2020). Retrieved September 29, 2020, from http://publications.iarc.fr/586
Hong Kong Cancer Strategy 2019-Food and Health Bureau. (2019, July). Retrieved September 29, 2020, from https://www.fhb.gov.hk/download/press_and_publications/otherinfo/190700_hkcs/e_hkcs_fully.pdf
Overview of Hong Kong Cancer Statistics of 2017. (2019, October). Retrieved September 29, 2020, from https://www3.ha.org.hk/cancereg/pdf/overview/Summary%20of%20CanStat%202017_tc.pdf
With the advancement of science and technology, the treatment of cancer has evolved a lot to improve its effectiveness, stability, accuracy and survival ability. The disease that has always been considered incurable has gradually evolved into a chronic disease. The fact is that there are many ways to treat cancer. Doctors will choose the best treatment method for the patient according to the patient's individual physical and mental condition, location, stage, and type of the tumor.
Surgery
The rising number of new cancer cases and deaths seems very scary. However, most cancers can be avoided. There is strong evidence that changes in lifestyle and eating habits, and appropriate amounts of exercise can greatly reduce the risk of cancer. The World Cancer Research Foundation and the American Cancer Institute have established an expert group to study the effects of diet, exercise, and body weight on various cancers, hoping to increase public awareness.
The following are the main prevention methods for various cancers:
1:exercise more
2:Eat more high-fiber foods
3:Eat less red meat and processed meat
4:Maintain ideal weight *
5:Avoid drinking alcohol
6:Colorectal cancer
7:Eat more vegetables and fruits
8:Do not smoke, avoid second-hand smoke
9:Avoid air pollution, asbestos, soot, and other environmental carcinogens
Lung cancer
1:Breastfeeding the baby for a longer period of time
2:exercise more
3:Maintain ideal weight *
4:Avoid drinking alcohol
Breast cancer
1:Maintain ideal weight *
2:Avoid drinking alcohol
3:Get a vaccination
4:Do not smoke, avoid second-hand smoke
Liver cancer
1:Maintain ideal weight *
Prostate cancer
1:Avoid drinking alcohol
2:Eat less salted products
3:Eat less processed meat
4:Maintain ideal weight *
Stomach cancer
1:exercise more
2:Maintain ideal weight *
3:Endometrial cancer
4:Avoid exposure and take adequate sun protection measures
5:Do does not irradiate the sun
skin cancer
1:Eat more vegetables and fruits
2:Eat less salted fish
3:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
4:Eat less red meat and processed meat
5:Do not smoke, avoid second-hand smoke
Pancreatic cancer
1:Do not smoke, avoid second-hand smoke
2:Get a vaccination
3:Avoid premature sexual activity and multiple sexual partners
4:Cervical cancer
5:Avoid drinking alcohol
6:Do not smoke, avoid second-hand smoke
7:Maintain ideal weight *
Esophageal cancer
1:Avoid drinking alcohol
2:Do not smoke, avoid second-hand smoke
3:Maintain ideal weight *
Kidney Cancer
The above data source:
TheWorld Cancer Research Fund and the American Cancer Institute continue to update the report.
The r report can be downloaded from the website www.wcrf.org/cupreports.
* Body mass index (BMI) is one of the most commonly used international methods to measure overweight or obesity. The ideal body weight index should be 18.5 to 22.9. Calculation method: Weight (kg)/Height (m) 2
In summary, the method to prevent cancer is not separated from the following 13 methods: 13 methods to
prevent cancer
prevent cancer
Recognize cancer treatment |
must cure cancer, and surgery is often the doctor's first choice. Surgery can be used to remove the primary tumor located in our body. In theory, if the tumor or the affected organ can be completely removed, cancer has a chance to be cured. If cancer cells have spread/may spread to other parts of the body, surgery alone is not enough. Chemotherapy or electrotherapy must be combined to reduce the chance of recurrence.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is a treatment that uses drugs to destroy cancer cells. It mainly targets rapidly dividing cells and kills them by interfering with the ability of their cells to replicate themselves. However, chemotherapy does not know how to distinguish between cancer cells and normal cells, so it will destroy normal cells, causing many side effects.
Radiotherapy
Radiotherapy uses ionizing radiation to destroy the genetic material of rapidly dividing cells; its effect is localized, thereby reducing damage to adjacent healthy cells. Although some normal cells are still affected, most of them can recover after a period of time.
Targeted therapy
Targeted therapy is a new technology to combat cancer that has only been used since the late 1990s. Such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy is also the use of drugs for treatment. The difference is that they use different methods to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy kills all rapidly dividing cells; targeted therapy only targets the rapid growth signals unique to cancer cells and cuts off the transmission of their growth signals. In other words, targeted therapy is more targeted, so there are fewer side effects.
Immunotherapy
The goal of immunotherapy is to improve the human immune system to strengthen one's own ability to fight diseases. It works in two ways. One is to stimulate the human immune system to make it work harder to attack cancer cells; the other is to provide substances needed by the immune system, such as system proteins. Immunotherapy is still in the research stage and has not yet been widely used.
Recognize cancer Latest cancer statistics.
2020, there will be approximately 19.3 million new cancers worldwide, among which 10 million have died. Cancer threatens all parts of the world, including Hong Kong. The Hong Kong Cancer Statistics Center reported that 35,082 new cancer cases and 14,871 deaths were recorded in 2019.
In terms of gender, lung, colorectal, breast, prostate, and liver cancers are the five most common cancers in order. Lung cancer is the most common cancer. It is estimated that the number of new cases will continue to rise in the future. Please see the figure below for details.
The overall average age of onset is 68 years for men and 62 years for women. Before the age of 75, about 1 in 4 men in Hong Kong will develop cancer, and about 1 in 5 women will have cancer. Ten years ago, the ratio of male to female was 1.18 to 1. Now it is 1.017 to 1. Knowing the number of cancers in Hong Kong reminds us that cancer is not far from us, and the best strategy is to recognize and prevent it early.
2019-2021Development of plasma AR-V7 detection test through digital polymerase chain reaction as an important biomarker for patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer-final study report (Chinese and English version)
(This research report was supported by the 2015 Cancer Research Fund of the Hong Kong Anti-Cancer Society and was published on Oncogenesis on February 26, 2019, Published in the magazine, only the English version of the report is available)
2016-2017Study on the treatment of squamous cell lung cancer with the combined use of arginase and chemotherapy drugs (in vivo and in vitro studies)-final study report (Chinese and English version)
2016-2017Early Detection of Liver Cancer in Type 2 Diabetes Patients Using Serum Small Molecular Ribonucleic Acid-Final Study Report (Chinese-English version)
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